How to rebalance the weather.

Fog to Night : I agree with this one.
Snow to Cold : I don't think that would work as it would have to take into account that particular area. Cold in Sacramento is different than Cold in Mexico City, for example. However, this absolutely needs to be changed in some way.
Windy: This has the same issue as "Cold"; some area's that are naturally windier than other areas might always reach that threshold, and so may always be "Windy" weather. But like Cold, it needs to be addressed somehow.
Rain with "Damp": I kind of agree with this, but I would need to see how the "Rain" weather manifests elsewhere. Where I am, "Rain" is rarely accompanied by actual rain. Rain is in the forecast, but not actually on the ground. (Then it flips back to cloudy and suddenly we have thunderstorms. I love reporting it to Niantic when this happens.) So I'd say that my area already has the "Damp" weather you're describing.

Fixes for Snow and Windy are really tough, and too complicated for Niantic to program into the game, but something does need to be done about them. Having Day/Night instead of Clear/Foggy is a good suggestion and one that is likely easy to implement for Niantic.

Fog to night would be fun for players like me who live above the Arctic circle and pretty much have full night for 2 months. As if we are not already disregarded enough in Northern Norway where we have no regional, no Mr Mime nor Pachirisu. Just the useless pokes.

I continue to vote against Fog to Night, but I do vote in favor of changing Fog. Ghosts already spawn more at night in my experience.

I don't like the snow changes. It's one of the very few advantages that Northern countries have. We actually have to play in the cold, many players outright don't play in the winter (making raiding tougher too).

Windy also is a problem. In Toronto we get wind very frequently. Since the start of October I've seen at least an hour (often 4+ hours) of Windy weather every day. If you lower the threshold, then all we begin to see is wind.

After not getting boosted larvitar on a community day where it was bright and sunny, and not getting boosted moltres or any of the birds (of course it was never Windy on those days) - it's nice to get boosted Mewtwo knowing that most people don't. It's also nice to hope we have a chance at boosted beldum today, and boosted dialga if he debuts this winter.

The benefit of other places is that you can much more reliably get your boosted fire/ground/grass types. I'm sure you weren't complaining on larvitar cd (whereas everyone in Toronto probably lost 68k * 6 = 408k Stardust (not to mention the candy and IVs) or more (I personally evolved six level 30s and a level 8 with 98%, no hundo a reported anywhere as it's nearly impossible without weather) due the bad weather read on that day (literally not a cloud in the sky and it was cloudy for the first 2 hours and rainy for the last).